Alexander the Great and the War in Aegean (336-331 BC)

MA Aleksandar Simić
Faculty of Philosophy
University in Belgrade
aleksandarsimic10@gmail.com
Scientific paper
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3235277

FULL TEXT IN PDF

Abstract: This article deals with the period of Aegean history from 336 BC to 331 BC. At that period the shape of the Aegean was forever changed. During these five years the Macedonians fought over the control of the Aegean basin at first against Persians and later against Spartan king Agis III. Although Alexander himself passed through the Aegean and Asia Minor in 334 BC, the military operations began during the reign of his father, Phillip II in 336 BC, and the victory at the battle of Issus marked their end. Despite being insufficiently described in sources, the Aegean war was an important part of the history of Alexander’s campaign because of the threat that the remaining Persian forces represented.

Keywords: Alexander, Aegean, Macedonians, Persians, Memnon, campaign, mercenaries.

References:

IG II3 = Inscriptiones Graecae. Vol. II et III. Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores. Editio tertia. Pars I. eds. S.D. Lambert, M.J. Osborne, S.G. Byrne, V.N. Bardani. S.V. Tracy, De Gruyter, Berlin 2012–2014.

IG IV = Inscriptiones Graecae IV = Inscriptiones graecae Aeginae, Pityonesi, Cecryphaliae, Argolidis, ed. Max Fraenkel. «Corpus inscriptionum graecarum Peloponnesi et insularum vicinarum», 1, Berlin 1902.

RO = Greek Historical Inscriptions 404–323 BC, Edited with introduction, translations, and commentaries by P.J. Rhodes and Robin Osborne, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 2003.

Syll.3 = Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, ed. W. Dittenberger, Leipzig 1915–1924.

Aesch. = Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, Aeschines, Translated by Chris Carey, Oratory of Classical Greece volume 3, series editor M. Gagarin, University of Texas Press, Austin 2000.

Arist. Oecon. = Aristotle, Economics, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 18, Translated by G.C. Armstrong, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, William Heinemann Ltd, London (Loeb Classical Library) 1935.

Arr. = Arijan, Aleksandrova vojna (Anabaza), preveo i bilješkama propratio Milan Stahuljak,Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1952.

Curt. = Quintus Curtius, with an English translation by John C. Rolfe, in Two Volumes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, William Heinemann Ltd, London (Loeb Classical Library) 1971.

Diod. = Diodorus Siculus, Library, Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation by C.H. Oldfather, vols. 4–8, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, William Heinemann Ltd, London (Loeb Classical Library) 1989.

Diod. = Диодор са Сицилије, Историјска библиотека, књиге 17–22, предговор, превод са грчког и коментар Mаријана Рицл, Матица српска, Нови Сад, 1998.

Iust. = Marcus Junianus Justinus, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, translated,with notes, by the Rev. John Selby Watson, Henry G. Bohn, London 1853.

Plut. Alex. = Plutarh, Usporedni životopisi III, Aleksandar, prijevod i bilješke Zdeslav Dukat,Zagreb 1988.

Plut. Non Posse/ Adv. Col. = Plutarch, That Epicurus Actually Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible (Non Posse Suaviter Vivi Secundum Epicurum), Reply to Colotes in Defence of the Other Philosophers (Adversus Colotem)Plutarch’s Moralia in Fifteen Volumes, vol. 14, 1086C– 1147A, with an English translation by Benedict Einarson and Phillip H. de Lacy, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, William Heinemann Ltd, London (Loeb Classical Library) 1967.

Polyaen. = Polyaenus’s Stratagems of War, Translated From the Original Greek, by R. Shepherd, printed for George Nicol, London 1793.

Ps.Dem. = (Pseudo-)Demosthenes, On the Treaty with Alexander, Demosthenes with an English translation by C.A. Vince, and J.H. Vince, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, William Heinemann Ltd, London (Loeb Classical Library) 1926.

Ф. Папазоглу, Историја Хеленизма, СКЗ, Београд 2010.

Е.М. Anson, The Persian Fleet in 334, Classical Philology 84/1 (1989), 44–49.

E. Badian, Alexander in Iran, y: The Cambridge History of Iran II, ed. I. Gershevitch, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985, 420–501.

E. Badian, Darius III, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 100 (2000), 241–267.

J. Bert Lott, Phillip II, Alexander and the Two Tyrannies at Eresos of IG XII.2.526, Phoenix 50/1 (1996), 26–40.

A.B. Bosworth, Alexander the Great Part 1: Events of the reign, y: The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VI 2nd edition, eds. D. M. Lewis, J. Boardman, S. Hornblower, M. Ostwald, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008, 791–845.
A.B. Bosworth, The Mission of Amphoterus and the Outbreak of Agis’ War,Phoenix 29/1 (1975), 27–43.

A.R. Burn, Notes on Alexander’s Campaigns, 332–330, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 72 (1952), 81–91.

G.L. Cawkwell, A Note on Ps. Demosthenes 17.20, Phoenix 15/2 (1961), 74–78.

J.J. Gabbert, Piracy in the Early Hellenistic Period: A Career Open to Talents, Greece&Rome 33/2 (1986), 156–163.

A.W. Gomme, A Forgotten Factor of Greek Naval Strategy, The Journal of Hellenic Studies 53/1 (1933), 16–24.

E. Hadjidaki, The battle against Alexander from Crete during the c. 4th B.C., Acta of Conference, Alexander the Greek Cosmos–System and Global Contemporary Global Society, Volume A, Under the auspices of M. Tritos, M. Papanikolaou, S. Pavlidis, Academy of Institutions and Cultures, Thessaloniki 2013, 102–112.

A.J. Heisserer, Alexander’s Letters to Chians: A Redating of SIG3 283, Historia 22/2 (1973), 191–204.

W.J. McCoy, Memnon of Rhodes at the Granicus, The American Journal of Philology 110/3 (1989), 413–433.

A.T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago&London, 1948.

A.P. Parpas, Alexander the Great: The Dissolution of the Persian Naval Supremacy 334–331 B.C., CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Dubai 2013.

F. Piejko, The „Second Letter“ of Alexander the Great to Chios, Phoenix 39/3 (1985), 238–249.

S. Ruzicka, War in the Aegean 333–331 B.C.: A Reconsideration, Phoenix 42/2 (1988), 131–151.

R. Seager, The Freedom of the Greeks of Asia: From Alexander to Antiochus, CQ 31/1 (1981), 106–112.

P. Thonemann, Alexander, Priene and Naulochon, y: Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical Polis: Fourth Century BC to Second Century AD, eds. P. Martzavou and N. Papazarkadas, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, 23–36.